Ultrasonically triggered ignition at liquid surfaces

Ultrasonically-excited electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies

Three electrolysis cells with built-in ultrasonic transmitters were developed by Energetics Technologies. The ultrasonic transmitters induce cavitation in the electrolyte in the vicinity of the palladium cathode for in-situ cleaning and activation of the cathode surface, generation of dislocations, assistance in loading and excitation of the Pd-D system. The ultrasonically assisted electrolysis...

Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles at Solid and Liquid Surfaces

X-ray studies of atomic layering at liquid metal surfaces

Surface-induced layering has been observed in liquid gallium and mercury using X-ray reflectivity. The specular reflectivity R(q,) has been measured to wavevector transfers as large as q, = 3.0 A-‘. For Ga, the only major deviations from pesnel theory R, are near q, = 2.4 A-‘, where there is a peak in the ratio R/R,. For Hg, there is a broad peak near 2.15 A-‘. The data have been collected on a...

Rate-dependent slip of Newtonian liquid at smooth surfaces.

Newtonian fluids were placed between molecularly smooth surfaces whose spacing was vibrated at spacings where the fluid responded as a continuum. Hydrodynamic forces agreed with predictions from the no-slip boundary condition only provided that flow rate (peak velocity normalized by spacing) was low, but implied partial slip when it exceeded a critical level, different in different systems, cor...

An individual-based model for biofilm formation at liquid surfaces.

The bacterium Bacillus subtilis frequently forms biofilms at the interface between the culture medium and the air. We present a mathematical model that couples a description of bacteria as individual discrete objects to the standard advection-diffusion equations for the environment. The model takes into account two different bacterial phenotypes. In the motile state, bacteria swim and perform a...